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Japan has some of the longest working hours in the world. (1) of Japanese companies have their employees work more than 80 hours of (2) . Those extra hours are often unpaid. Today, Japan’s corporate culture is driven by the (3) - . The salaryman is defined by his loyalty to his company and expected to spend his (4) working for the same firm. Not only does he work long hours in the office, but it’s also assumed he’ll participate in after-work activities too, like drinking with colleagues. And they’re not taking enough time off. In 2017, one survey found that despite being (5) to 20 days off per year, Japanese workers left 10 of those days unused - topping every other country in the survey. You don’t have to be in the confines of (6) to feel the impact of its work culture. It’s 3 am Thursday morning right now in Tokyo, I'm in the area of Ginza. Every few minutes I see a man wearing a suit, (7) . The nation’s work ethic dates back to what’s referred to as Japan’s economic miracle, which was its dramatic economic growth beginning in the 1950s, which propelled it to become the world’s (8) - . Inside Japan’s corporations, the culture emphasizes the success of a company as a whole to be more important than any single individual, which might explain why one study found that 63% of Japanese (9) for taking paid leave. But perhaps more concerning is this: Long work hours don’t necessarily mean high productivity. In fact, Japan has the lowest productivity amongst the G7 nations. Earlier I mentioned the term karoshi - it means death by overwork. It’s legally recognized by the government and usually is marked by a heart attack, stroke or suicide due to stress. There’s hundreds of cases of karoshi reported annually, although some argue these cases are (10) and that the real number could exceed that by up to 10 times.

Both the government and companies are now actively trying to (1) of working hours here. And there are some early signs of hope. Japan’s government has considered several (2) the number of hours spent at the office, including making it (3) at least five vacation days a year and requiring a “rest” period between the end of one day and the start of another. In 2016, a new holiday (4) “ ” was started, bringing Japan’s number of annual public holidays to 16. And in 2017, the government launched an initiative called (5) , in which it encouraged companies to allow their employees to leave at 3 pm on the last Friday of the month, (6) spending and less time in the office. But one study found that less than 4% of employees in Japan actually left early on the first Premium Friday. Which is why despite these initiatives, a (7) still looms. Since Japan’s culture emphasizes the group over the individual, well, no one wants to be the first one to leave the office. And there’s another reason that there’s pressure on people to work hard. Japan’s (8) . And in order to maintain its massive size, Japan needs to put in the hours. Japan lost its spot as the world’s second-largest economy to China in 2011, a title that it had previously held for 42 years. Japan is dealing (9) . Its population is aging fast and its birth rate is in decline. That means its total population is going down. And in the next 50 years, it’s projected to (10) . The population is expected to go from 127 million in 2015, to just 88 million by 2065. There’s two likely ways the nation can compensate for the labor shortage - immigrants or robots. Japan has always been less inclined to accept immigrants. In fact, its percentage of foreign workers is tiny compared to other nations of large economies. So without more immigrants, it’s looking to robotics to (11) . Its robotics industry has spanned from hospitality to manufacturing, and now even reaching farms by creating robots that milk cows. But whether technology could open the door for a better (12) - for Japan’s workforce still remains to be seen.