LET'S READ! 📖

Direction: Read the passage below then answer the questions being asked.

Climate Change

Climate change has emerged as one of the most pressing global challenges of our time, with far-reaching implications for biodiversity conservation. This comprehensive review aims to synthesize the existing literature on the impacts of climate change on biodiversity, highlighting the ecological, evolutionary, and socio-economic dimensions of this complex phenomenon. Through an analysis of diverse case studies and empirical evidence, this paper elucidates the direct and indirect effects of climate change on species distribution, abundance, phenology, and community dynamics. Furthermore, it examines the underlying mechanisms driving these impacts, such as alterations in temperature regimes, precipitation patterns, and habitat availability. Additionally, this review explores the implications of biodiversity loss and ecosystem disruption in the context of climate change, emphasizing the critical need for adaptive management strategies and policy interventions. By integrating findings from multiple disciplines, this article contributes to our understanding of the intricate relationships between climate change and biodiversity, fostering a holistic approach towards conservation and sustainable development.

QUESTIONS:

1. According to the passage, why is climate change considered one of the most pressing global challenges?

2. What are some of the underlying mechanisms discussed in the paper that drive the impacts of climate change on biodiversity?

LET'S UNDERSTAND! 📚

Formal and Academic English

Nouns and noun phrases

🔺1. In academic English and formal English, we put a lot of information into noun phrases. In less formal English, we use verbs more often to give the same information.

Example:

Formal: The origins of human language present something of a mystery.
Less Formal: We are not really aware of how human language started.

🔺2. To make language more formal, we can change verbs and adjectives into nouns.

This process is called nominalisation.

Example:

The government is introducing new tax rules that should help those on low incomes
The introduction of new tax rules should help those on low incomes

Verb Nomination

verb	noun
Achieve	Achievement
Develop	Development
Discover	Discovery

When we change transitive verbs (=verbs with objects ) into nouns, the object may become a possessive with "of."
We can include the subject of a transitive verb with by. We can include the subject of an intransitive verb (= a verb with no object ) with of.

Example:

The scientist discovered artifacts..... ➡ the discovery of artifacts by the scientist..

🔺3. In formal and academic English, we often put a lot of information into noun phrases. Techniques include:


nouns as adjectives	- **fossil evidence, language origins**
participles as adjectives	- *interesting* possibilities, *non-spoken* language
adjectives with adverbs	- the *deeply fundamental* distinction
prepositions after nouns	- the distinction *between* nouns and verbs
clauses	- the characteristic *that most clearly sets humans apart*

Verbs

🔺4. We use the present simple more than the continuous. In the future tense, will is more common than going to; shall with I / we is also common.

Example:

The true story will not be shown for many years.
In this paper, we shall demonstrate that....

We often use may ( have ) rather than the adverbs maybe and perhaps.

Example:

Modern speech and language may have originated as recently as 70,000 years ago.

We often use the present simple ( even if the person is dead ) or present perfect.

Example:

He claims / has claimed that sign languages .....

In academic and formal texts, we also sometimes change verbs ( including modal verbs ) into adjectives and adverbs.

Example:

Early humans couldn't speak. ➡ Early humans were incapable of speech.

LET'S PRACTICE! 📝

Part I

Direction Rewrite the sentences to make them more formal. Use the different techniques you learned from the lesson.

Example:

1. Maybe language started millions of years ago.

Language may have started millions of years ago.

The curriculum adapts to meet diverse student needs.
We should carefully consider all the available options.
We promote cultural awareness to enhance understanding among diverse communities.
They must urgently address the issue of poverty.

Part II

Direction Choose one from the questions below and share your ideas.

Imagine you are discussing the impact of social media on society with a friend. How would you describe the effects of social media using more formal and academic language ?
You are discussing the importance of time management with a friend. How would you describe the significance of effective time management using more formal and academic language?